| Summary, etc. |
The area of interest of this was study to investigate the influence of fire on historic stone masonry Structures, for the purpose to scientific assessment of the state of damage and deterioration resulting from the impact of fire and to determine the safety parameters of the building in general. The study consists of an introduction and five main chapters, the introduction deals with the main problem of the research and the objectives of the study with the introduction of its hypotheses and then a detailed presentation of the methodology of the study as well as the most important studies related to the research problem. The research was appended with the conclusions of a presentation of the Arab and foreign references that were used in the study.<br/>Chapter One entitled: (historical studies and documentation methods for buildings archaeological and historical fire damage).<br/>This chapter dealt with two main parts. The first part included a study of the concept of architectural documentation and the methods used in architectural documentation, whether traditional or modern, as well as the modern tools used in documentation using a metric camera or a Total station device or using Range Photogrammetry Close technology and the different types of documentation process Architectural documentation,whetheritis the documentation of the architecture, the documentation of construction materials, or the documentation of decorative drawings. This part also included the stages of documentation by modern methods (electronic documentation) based on historical and structural documentation, collecting information related to the site, electronic documentation and data collection, linking information and creating a database, using Geographical information systems GIS, as for the second part, it included a study of the Shura Council building, the Egyptian Scientific Complex, Saray Al-Musafir Khana, and the South Cairo Court building, as models for some archaeological and historical buildings damaged by fire, including a descriptive study and urban planning for all the structural and architectural elements of these buildings, and photographs.<br/>Chapter Two entitled: (historical studies and documentation methods for buildings archaeological and historical fire damage).<br/>This chapter dealt with two main parts. The first part included a comprehensive definition of fires (as a chemical reaction that occurs in the presence of oxygen and burning materials, and results in flames, smoke, and gases) and the mechanism of the occurrence of fires through the availability of three basic elements (fuel, oxygen, heat), as well as The different methods of heat transfer, whether by conduction or radiation transfer. This part also included the different types of fires, which are classified according to the nature of burning materials and how to extinguish them, such as petroleum fires, industrial materials fires, agricultural materials fires, flammable materials and explosives fires, and fires of some chemical materials, as well as their places of occurrence such as building fires, and vehicle fires. And forest fires, as well as the division of ignition, whether it is slow biological ignition, slow mechanical ignition, rapid normal ignition or rapid instantaneous, this is in addition to the various causes of the occurrence of fires, whether they are natural causes or causes beyond control or causes by human action, in addition to the escalation of some harmful gases and vapors As for the second part, it included the observed manifestations of deterioration and damage resulting from the harmful effects of fires on historical archaeological buildings through the effects of high temperatures on the components of various building materials, which were divided into manifestations of partial deterioration that included different degrees of injury intensity and another total deterioration. where there were no remains of the original stone, and these manifestations included hair cracks, color change in the surface of the stones and soot resulting from the heat. The phenomenon of cracking or cracking of stones, and the structural repercussions of the building elements, as well as the factors and causes of deterioration that were divided into internal factors related to the materials of building components and their features and defects affecting them such as the internal stresses between the grains, and a change in the mineral composition, in addition to the phenomenon of thermal expansion. For the components of building materials, and external factors that impose themselves on the impact and cause the deterioration of their components and erosion in the stones by the great difference in the high temperatures resulting from fires, in addition to the natural factors and factors of the surrounding environment, and the owner of this study is photographs.<br/>Chapter Three entitled: (historical studies and documentation methods for buildings archaeological and historical fire damage).<br/>This chapter dealt with scientific and laboratory studies of the effect of fire on the mineral composition and engineering properties of building materials in two main sections. In the first section, methods and methods of scientific examinations of the chemical properties of standard samples of limestone were presented, as it is the main building material in most archaeological and historical buildings, due to what it plays These studies played an effective role in identifying the nature and origin of the various building materials, as well as the deterioration processes created by the various factors and forces of damage. These standard stone samples were examined in their natural form before the fire, and then examined and compared with the samples after exposure to fire at different temperatures when 200 ° C, 400 ° C, 600 ° C and 800 ° C, where the examination was carried out using polarizing microscope, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope, in addition to studying the chemical properties of wicker in terms of the mineral and chemical composition of the stone samples and the occurrence of some mineral transformations, color changes and microcracks. This section ended with a discussion of the results and their scientific interpretation, while the second section included the study of the engineering properties of building materials in their natural form before the fire and after exposure to fire at different levels of temperatures, which included both the physical properties of the selected building materials samples in terms of density, porosity and degree of water absorption. and mechanical properties such as compressive strength and indirect tensile stress tests of limestone samples. This section ends with a discussion of the results and their scientific interpretation. This chapter contains graphs and illustrative micrographs.<br/>Chapter Four entitled: (historical studies and documentation methods for buildings archaeological and historical fire damage).<br/>This chapter dealt with the experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of nanomaterials in the treatment, maintenance and protection of archaeological stone buildings that are damaged by fire in three main sections. The second section included the preparation of samples and the use of paralloid B-72 as one of the acrylic compounds in the strengthening process after hybridization with nanocomposites (calcium nanohydroxide, nanokaolinite, calcium nanocarbonate). This part also included an evaluation of the effectiveness of these materials. After the treatments process, by studying the engineering properties of the samples, scanning electron microscopy, measuring the color change, and comparing the results with the standard samples before the treatments. Geometrical properties of samples and plymic examination Electron radiography and color change measurement. This part also included a study of some fire-retarding and insulating materials. This section ended with a discussion of the results and a scientific interpretation of the changes that occurred. This chapter contains graphs and illustrative microscopic images.<br/>Chapter Five entitled: (historical studies and documentation methods for buildings archaeological and historical fire damage).<br/>This chapter dealt with the applied study of the restoration and maintenance of one of the halls of Saraya Al-Musafir Khana building as one of the archaeological buildings damaged by fire in three main sections. The method of construction and previous restorations, then this part dealt with the documentation studies, the architectural description, the current situation and the manifestations of deterioration and damage after the fire. The part also includes the methods of structural restoration for the entire archaeological structure, starting from the foundations, passing through the load-bearing walls and ending with the ceilings, including the operations of linking, replacing, strengthening, strengthening, completing, restoring and treating double-walled walls, strengthening and linking building units, repairing and treating cracks and ending with rebuilding if required in accordance with the international archaeological standards and conditions regulating these works. As for the section The third included the stage of chemical treatments with fortifying solutions, as well as insulating materials for fire or flame retardants. This study was accompanied by horizontal plans, vertical projections of the facades and illustrative photographs.<br/> |
