Thesis (Ph.D)-Cairo University, 2023.

Bibliography: pages 135-164.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a worldwide metabolic condition that
raises blood glucose due to insulin production, secretion, receptor
binding, or resistance. Obesity, urbanization, and genetic
abnormalities increase diabetes risk.
Many infections are now linked to increased oxidative stress..
This study aimed to investigate the role of food and its
components in lowering blood sugar and its side effects. Three
plants rich in natural antioxidants and fiber were used: Carob
(Ceratonia siliqua L.), durum (Hyphaene thebaica), and cinnamon
(Cinnamomum zeylanicum) were compared with glibenclamide on
diabetic rats.
5.1. Chemical analysis
5.1.1. Composition and Minerals in raw materials.
 The highest content of fiber was cinnamon followed by
Doum and Carob which amounted to 16.5%, 12.51%, and
8.52%, respectively.
 Doum, the greatest content of Ash, followed by cinnamon and
Carob, amounted to 7.12%,4.28%, and 3.13% respectively
 Proteins found in high content in Carob, followed by cinnamon
and doum, were 5.49%,4.24%, and 2.99%, respectively
 Mineral compositions. Carob, doum, and cinnamon powders
were greater than their water extracts; Carob had the highest
amount of potassium, 1707.49 mg/100 g, followed by cinnamon
127
and doum, 923.53 and 528.71 mg/100 g, respectively. The
highest magnesium concentration was found in doum 695.41
mg/100 g, followed by cinnamon 447.41 mg/100 g.and carob
189.09 mg/100 g. Compared to cinnamon and Carob, which
have manganese concentrations of 65.01 and 1.54 mg/100 g,
doum has a lower manganese content of 0.02 mg/100 g. On the
other hand, cinnamon had the highest sodium level, with 891
mg/100 g, followed by doum and Carob, which had 159 mg/100
g and 61.5 mg/100 g, respectively., contrarily Carob had the
lowest calcium content amounted to 1051.6 mg/100g, followed
by 1396.8 mg/100g and cinnamon 2226.8 mg/100g The mineral
content of powders was significantly higher than that of water
extracts.
5.1.2. Fractionation & identification of polyphenolic
compounds.
The phenolic fractionated and identified in Carob and Doum,
water extracts were greater than their powders which amounted to
699.9 and 252.8 mg/100g, respectively; on the contrary, Cinnamon
phenolic powder was greater than its water extracts which amounted
to 705.8, and 535.7 mg/100g respectively. The dominant phenolic
acid in Carob was (Pyrogallol acid) which amounted to
554,07mg/100g); while doum water extracts contained Pyrogallol
as the dominant phenolic acid, which amounted to 98.89 mg/100g).
On the other hand, the dominant phenolic acids compound found in
128
cinnamon powder, Cinnamic acid, followed by Benzoic acid, were
294.83, and 244.03 mg/100 g, respectively. Besides, total phenolic
compounds in Carob and doum were increased in water extracts
compared to total phenolic compounds in plant powders. In contrast,
phenolic acids in cinnamon powder are greater than cinnamon water
extract.
 The flavonoids fractionated and identified in cinnamon, doum,
and Carob powders were greater than their water extracts which
amounted to 1053.6,61.8, and 18.5 mg/100g, respectively; the
dominant flavonoids in cinnamon were Acacetin 7-neo rutinoside
Quercetin which amounted 749.60 mg/100g, followed by the
dominant flavonoids in doum and Carob was (Naringin) which
amounted 42.29, 8.15 mg/100g respectively.
 Isoflavones fractionated and identified in Carob and doum
powders were greater than their water extracts which amounted to
1423.62 and 757.47 mg/100g, respectively; the dominant
isoflavone in Carob and doum was Daidazein which amounted (to
1296.85 and 692.51 mg/100g), on contrary Daidazein in cinnamon
water extract was greater than cinnamon powder which amounted
7528.93 mg/100g, the dominant compound in cinnamon.
 Vitamin soluble in fat (A, D, E, and K).
Cinnamon had the highest levels of vitamins (A and K), which
contained 1.94 and 407.18mg/ 100g, while; the Doum sample had
the highest level of vitamin E.(42.90mg/100g). The greatest
129
amounts of vitamin D were found in the carob sample (11.59
mg/100g). Moreover, indicated that vitamins (E and K) had higher
content than vitamins (A and D).
Vitamin soluble in water (B and C).
Powders had the highest content of vitamin B complex compared
to water extracts of doum, Carob, and cinnamon. Total vitamin B
complex was the highest in doum powder (405.8 mg/100 g) and
their water extract (357.9 mg/100g), followed by carob powder
(98.19 mg/100g) and their water extract (63.09 mg/100 g). Then, the
Total Vitamin B complex in cinnamon had the lowest content in
powder (40.83 mg/100 g) and its water extract (25.5 mg/100 g). So,
the water extract of cinnamon had the highest vitamin C (12.7
mg/100g), followed by the water extract of Carob (10.8 mg/100g).
Then, the water extract of doum had (1.8mg/100g) only of vitamin
C. In contrast, carob powder had the highest amounts of vitamin C.
The vitamin C content of water extracts is higher than that of
powder.
 5.1.3. Antioxidant activity of powders and water extracts
Total phenol content, powders of cinnamon, doum, and Carob
greater than their water extracts amounted to 2.04, 1.37, and
0.48(mg gallic acid /g), respectively.
Total phenol content, powders of doum, cinnamon, and Carob were
greater than their water extracts which amounted to 10.91, 8,55, and
1.12 (mg Quercetin /g), respectively.
130
· Antioxidant activity using DPPH assay, powders of doum,
Carob, and cinnamon were greater than water extracts, which
amounted to 93.34. 89.95 and 88.09 %, respectively.
Antioxidant activity using ABTS assay, the highest amount
was carob water extract followed by doum powder and doum water
extract, which amount 93.34, 92.21 and 86.93 %, respectively, and
cinnamon was the lowest amount (70.13%).
5.2 Biology evaluation
5.2.1 BW and BWG
Diabetic rats fed plant powders lost more weight than those
given Carob, doum, and cinnamon water extracts and medicines. All
rat groups had similar BW% values, but those treated with
glibenclamide had a lower increase. The kidneys, pancreas, and
liver weights of rats fed any diet were equal. Compared to the
positive control group, all groups had significantly reduced livers.
5.2.2 Body weight (BW)and body weight gain(BWG).
The experiment showed that diabetic rats fed on plant
powders reduced their body weights more than those treated with
Carob, doum, and cinnamon water extracts and drugs. The BW%
values of all rat groups did not differ significantly, while those
treated with glibenclamide showed a lower increase in BW%.
5.2.3 Internal organs.
Data showed that all rats fed any diet had similar relative
weights for kidneys, pancreas, and liver. Still, the liver was
131
significantly lower in all groups compared to the positive control
group. Suggests that hyperglycemic rats fed on Carob, doum, and
cinnamon powders and their water extracts showed a normal
outward performance effect.
5.2.4 Blood analysis
5.2.4.1. Glucose
Diabetes rats treated with a medication exhibited the lowest
drop in blood glucose levels of diabetic rats after 8 weeks of feeding
(76.99%). Diabetes rates given cinnamon powder and water extract
of doum had the greatest reduction in blood glucose (82.39%) and
(82.49 %), respectively. Compared to diabetic rats in positive
control. Carob, doum, and cinnamon powder improved blood
glucose levels more than conventional medicines in diabetic rats.
While, Diabetic rats fed on a basal diet with treated water extract of
Carob, doum, and cinnamon (2ml/day/rat) were decreased (80.49,
80.42, 79.81%) compared to diabetic rats in positive control.
5.2.4.2 Lipid profile Induction by STZ resulted in several
alterations in the serum TG, TC, LDL-Ch., and VLDL-Ch. And
HDL-Ch. Levels associated with a dramatic increase in the
atherosclerotic index and total lipid profile in the positive control,
while groups treated with Carob, doum cinnamon powders, and their
water extracts improved the total lipid profile compared with the
positive control.
5.2.4.3. Liver function.
132
The present study also showed that the serum AST and ALT
activities in the positive control group increased significantly.
However, groups treated with Carob, doum, cinnamon powders, and
their water extracts strongly and significantly decreased at the end
of the experiment. Compared with positive control.
5.2.4.4 Kidney functions
At the end of the experimental trial, feeding meals increased
serum urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels in the positive control
group compared to the negative control group. In contrast, groups
were treated with carob, doum, and cinnamon powders, and their
water extracts were considerably reduced compared to the positive
control.
5.2.5 Histopathological examination
The abnormal histopathological changes of pancreas, liver, and
kidney in positive diabetic rats.
As a result of induced STZ, increased lipid risk ratios,
atherosclerosis, and inflammations. Meanwhile, these alterations
were improved after treatment with the investigated drug. On the
other hand, no histological change in the pancreas, liver, and kidney
in other diabetic groups treated with Carob, doum cinnamon
powders, and their water extracts.
5.3. Applications in some food processing
5.3.1 Dibis physicochemical properties of dibs Total Sugar %,
Reducing Sugar %, T.S.S %, and Viscosity(cp) show doum dibs
133
greater than carob dibs (69 %, 56.6 %, 72%)and 2790 cp,
respectively. while carob dibs (61.9%,51.5%,69%,350 cp
· carob and doum dibs were rich in minerals such as (K. Mg, Na,
Ca, P, Fe).
Total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) in doum dibs are
greater than carob dibs, DPPH, ABTS, and Assy in Carob are
greater than doum dibs
5.3.2 Cake
Using dibs of Carob and doum as sugar replacers in cake batter
at levels of 50% and 100% did not retard the quality attributes of
baked cakes. Replacing sugar with 50% produced the preferable
cake, followed by a cake prepared with 100% on both dibs of Carob
and Doum.

مرض السكر من الامراض المزمنة في شمال إفريقيا ، وهو اضطراب استقلابي يوصف بفرط سكر الدم بسبب نقص إفراز الأنسولين أو عمل الأنسولين أو كليهما. و هو نوعان اما بواسطة المناعة (داء السكري من النوع 1) أو ينتج عن مزيج من نقص الأنسولين ومقاومة الأنسولين (داء السكري من النوع 2). نتيجة لذلك،تحظى النباتات الطبية والمنتجات الطبيعية باهتمام عالمي كبير بسبب تطبيقاتها الصيدلانية والتجميلية والتغذوية حيث تعتبر مخزنًا كبيرًا للعديد من المركبات النشطة بيولوجيًا مثل البوليفينولات (الفينولات والفلافونيدات والايزوفلافون ) والجليكوزيدات والألياف والتي تلعب دورًا مهمًا في الوقاية والحفاظ على صحة الإنسان. لذلك تمت دراسة الخروب Ceratonia silique ، الدومHyphaene thebaica القرفة Cinnamomum zeylanicum ومستخلصاتهم المائية كمضادات للاكسدة وكمضادة لمرض السكرى وذلك من خلال دراسة التركيب الكيميائ والعناصر المعدنية و دراسة محتواهم الكلى من الفينولات والفلافونيد ودراسة النشاط المضاد للاكسدة باستخدام DPPH, ABTS وكذلك تفريد والتعرف على المركبات الفينوليه والفلافونيد والايزوفلافون والفيتامينات والسكريات من خلال جهاز التحليل الكروماتوجرافى الفائق (HPLC)،وتم اجراء تجربة بيولوجيه لدراسة تاثيرتغذية الفئران المصابة بالسكرى على هذه النباتات الجافة (كإستبدال5%الياف) ومستخلصاتهم المائية(2مل/فأر/يوم) لمدة شهرين ومن ثم اجراء التحاليل البيوكيميائية (نسبة السكر - الدهون الكليه - وظائف الكليه -انزيمات الكبد) وذلك بالمقارنه بعقار الجليبنكلاميد (خافض للسكر) وكذلك دراسة تأثيرها على اعضاء الفئران الداخلية (البنكرياس والكبد والكلية ). كما تم تطبيق استخدام هذه النباتات فى تصنيع بعض المنتجات الغذائية مثل الدبس والكيك،اشارت النتائج الى احتواء هذه النباتات الجافة على نسبه عاليه من الالياف الغذائيه.وكذلك البروتين والعناصر الغذائية (البوتاسيوم والكالسيوم والماغنسيوم والصوديوم )،وكذلك ارتفاع المحتوى الكلى للفلافونيدات عن الفينولات وارتفعت نسبه النشاط المضاد للاكسدة فى النباتات الجافة عن المستخلصات المائيه.وكذلك ارتفاع محتواها من المركبات الفعاله الفينوليه والفلافونيد والايزوفلافونيد فى النباتات الجافة ومستخلصاتهم المائية وايضا احتوت النباتات الجافة على نسبه عاليه من فيتامينات (K,E,B&C) وكذلك فى المستخلصات المائية (B,C).وارتفاع محتوى السكريات من الفركتوز والاربينوزوالسكروز فى الخروب والدوم وانخفاض نسبة السكريات فى القرفة .كما أشارت النتائج إنه عند تغذية الفئران المصابة بالسكرى على وجبات تحتوى على الخروب والدوم والقرفة الجافة ومستخلصاتهم المائيه ادى إلى تحسين مستويات السكرفى الدم وانخفاض ملحوظ فى مستويات الكوليسترول الكلي( TC) والدهون الثلاثييهTG))، وكوليسترول البروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة (LDL-c)خلال فترة التغذية ، عند مقارنتها بالسيطرة الإيجابية و في المقابل ، زادت نسب البروتين الدهني عالي الكثافة( HDL-C) وكذلك تحسين فى وظائف الكلى وانزيمات الكبد وادت التغذيةعلى مسحوق الخروب والدوم والقرفة ومستخلصاتهم الماء إلى عدم وجود تغيرات في انسجة الاعضاءالداخليه للفئران سواء في البنكرياس أو الكبد أو الكلى مقارنة بالفئران المصابة بداء السكري التي تلقت ت حكمًا إيجابيًا. أخيرًا تم تطبيق استخدام الخروب والدوم فى بعض الصناعات الغذائية مثل الدبس ونظرا لارتفاع قيمته الغذائية تم استخدامه ايضا فى تصنيع الكعك كاستبدال للسكروكانت افضل نسبه هى 50% .

Issues also as CD.

Text in English and abstract in Arabic & English.