Thesis (M.Sc)-Cairo University, 2025.

Bibliography: pages 87-88.

Cancer is a disease caused by abnormal cell division and uncontrollable growth, primarily due to gene mutations from metabolism and environment. Treatments include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy. Cancer progression is multifactorial, with uncontrolled cell growth being a significant marker for different types. Certain genes must be altered at different phases of initiation, progression, and promotion for a normal cell to become malignant.
Laryngeal cancer is linked to tobacco and alcohol use, with smokers having a 10-15 times higher risk and heavy smokers up to 30 times higher. Environmental factors like alcohol, tobacco, asbestos, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and textile dust also increase the risk. Also, the gastro-esophageal reflex, heat, chemicals, asbestos, nickel, and some viral infections are from the main causes of laryngeal cancer. Most patients with laryngeal cancer are diagnosed at advanced stages, particularly those with supraglottic tumors. When therapy choices have a smaller beneficial influence on prognosis, the 5-year survival rates for treatable patients with glottic and supraglottic malignancies are 80% and 50%, respectively.
Wheat in a variety of forms, including whole grain and wheatgrass (5:10-day-old grass of the ordinary wheat plant), has been utilized in several investigations. Wheatgrass is typically grown indoors for 15 days using trays with potting mix. As leaves grow, they separate and can be cut off during the "jointing stage" to promote a second leaf cycle. Ideal conditions include a temperature range of 18 to 26°C and relative humidity of 40 % to 50 %. Wheatgrass plant, a key component of Ayurveda, is rich in chlorophyll, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and essential enzymes, making it a valuable herbal medicine. A significant phytonutrient in the human diet, wheatgrass may offer protection against a number of chronic illnesses, including cancer and thalassemia, according to epidemiological research.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-proliferative potential of wheatgrass ethanol extract.

Cultivating wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds for 12 days in the autumn season, from December 3 to 16, using peat moss soil, avoiding direct sunlight. The ethanolic extract of wheatgrass, prepared with 70% ethanol, was stored at -20°C until further use.
Quantitative analysis of wheatgrass extract was performed, including the estimation of total flavonoid content (T.F.C.) and total phenolic content (T.P.C.) using HPLC analysis. The cytotoxicity of wheatgrass extract was tested on laryngeal cancer cell lines at 24- and 48-hour intervals using ethanol extract.The study assessed the expression of pro-apoptotic genes (p53 and Bax) and anti-apoptotic genes (CDK2 and CDK4) using RT-PCR. The ethanolic extract's impact on cell proliferation was assessed through flow cytometry, investigating the distribution of cells at various stages of the cell cycle. The study used Annexin-V/PI dual staining assay to determine if the cytotoxicity was due to apoptosis. The apoptotic effect of wheatgrass ethanol extract verified by analyzing various cellular and nuclear morphological characteristics of Hep2 cells after 24- and 48-hours treatment. After choosing the protein of the target site, various processes have been performed to provide insights into the molecular binding modes of the tested compound in the pockets of human cyclin B1 using MOE 19.0901 software.
The phytochemical evaluation of wheatgrass ethanol extract revealed 20 active compounds, including flavonoids and phenolics, including ellagic acid (the most concentrated compound). The extract's phenolic content was 229.5 mg gallic acid equivalent per 100 mL, whereas its flavonoid content was 0.4 mg rutin equivalent per 100 mL. Ethanol extract is highly effective against laryngeal cells, inhibiting their viability and proliferation after 48 hours of incubation. The anticancer potential of wheatgrass ethanol extract on laryngeal (Hep-2) cells was proven were both pro-apoptotic genes Bax and p53 were significantly up-regulated after treatment with wheatgrass for 24 and 48 hours. Also, anti-apoptotic genes CDK2 and CDK4 were significantly down-regulated.
Cell cycle analysis revealed a progressive accumulation of cellular DNA in the G2/M phase accompanied by pre-G1 phase apoptotic incidence. The study found that the mode of cell death is apoptosis, with early and late apoptosis increasing in a time-dependent manner.The apoptotic effect of wheatgrass ethanol extract was confirmed by examining the cellular and nuclear morphological characteristics of Hep2 cells after 24 and 48 hours of treatment.The active component of wheatgrass extract, ellagic acid, inhibits the cyclin B1/CDK1 interaction, preventing the change in CDK1 conformation to the active form.
Ethanol extract of wheatgrass induces cytotoxic effects by arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, increasing p53 and Bax expression, and decreasing CDK2 and CDK4 expression in Hep-2 cells. Its active component, ellagic acid, inhibits cyclin B1/Cdk1 interaction, potentially aiding cancer treatment. The ethanol extract of wheatgrass, a blend of polyphenols, has a significant antiproliferative effect on Hep-2 cells due to its phenolics, flavonoids, and bioactive components, making it a safe and effective cancer treatment option.

كانت هناك تقارير عن نشاط مضاد للسرطان ضد خطوط خلاي Hela ,K562, Hep-2 لعشبة القمح وهى دواء تقليدي يستخدم في جميع أنحاء العالم لعلاج مجموعة متنوعة من الأمراض.
كان الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم السمية الخلوية والتأثيرات المضادة للسرطان لـ عشبة القمح ضد خلايا سرطان الحنجرة Hep-2 من خلال النظر في موت الخلايا المبرمج، ودورة الخلية، و المظهر الجيني. تم تحضير مستخلص الإيثانول لعشبة القمح المزروعه سابقا. باستخدام اختبار MTT، تم تقييم السمية الخلوية على خلايا .Hep-2
أظهرت هذه الدراسة أن المستخلص الإيثانولي لعشبة القمح يثبط بشكل فعال تكاثر خلايا سرطان الحنجرة البشرية عن طريق التسبب في توقف مرحلة G2 / M لدورة الخلية. . باستخدام تجارب الالتحام الجزيئي، تم التمكن من تحديد كيفية تفاعل "المركب الفعال" للمستخلص، وهو حمض الإيلاجيك، مع الحمض الأميني Asp171 علاوة على ذلك، كشفت تجارب الالتحام الجزيئي أن المكون الفعال للمستخلص يشارك بشكل مباشر في منع ارتباط السيكلين B1/CDK1، والذي بدوره يمنع تكاثر الخلايا. يعد مستخلص عشبة القمح خيارًا آمنًا وفعالًا لعلاج السرطان نظرًا لتأثيره المضاد للتكاثر على خلايا .Hep-2 ويُنصح بإجراء أبحاث إضافية على الحيوانات وأخيراً على البشر.

Issues also as CD.

Text in English and abstract in Arabic & English.