Thesis (Ph.D.) - Cairo University - National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences - Department of Lasser Application in Environmental Metrology Photochemistry and Photobiology and Agriculture

Lubrication is the process or technique employed to reduce wear of one or both surfaces in close proximity, moving relative to each other, by interposing a substance called lubricant between the surface to carry or to help carry the load (pressure generated) between the opposing surfaces. Typically lubricants contain 90% base oil (most often petroleum fractions, called mineral oils) and less than 10% additives, The functions of additives are improve oil viscosity index, increase oil oxidation stability, prevent lacquers , prevent wear, reduce fraction, prevent scuffing, depress oil pour point, prevent rust formation, prevent foaming. Nanoparticles and materials in nanoscale have a great attention in the last two decades due to their unique and special properties which cannot provide by bulk materials, they have several applications in many fields and recently, nanoparticles have been used in lubricant as additives to improve its physical and tribological properties rather than pure lubricant, for example; Ehsan-o-llah Ettefaghi studied engine oil properties containing copper oxide nanoparticles as a nanoadditive, Xianbing Ji used cubic CaCO3 nanoparticles as a nanoaditives, Yue Gu, applied surface modified titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, Z.S. Hu., prepared amorphous lanthanum borate Nanoparticle as a nanoadditives, and many other studies

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