Thesis (Ph.D.) - Cairo University - Faculty of Pharmacy - Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Frequent consumption of fructose, refined carbohydrates and saturated fatty acids increase risk of MS. Features of MS include a variety of symptoms and disorders such as weight gain, abdominal obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, pro-inflammatory state, hyperuricemia, and subsequently renal failure. Natural antioxidants have the potential to ameliorate atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, and body weight gain. The experiments carried out in this study aimed to test the effect of some antioxidants mainly NS, ginger, omega-3, fenugreek, L-carnitine on some biochemical derangements induced by metabolic syndrome in rats. Metformin was used as a standard reference. MS was induced in rats by feeding high fructose high fat diet (HFHFD) for 12 weeks. Animals were randomly divided into eight groups: normal control, MS-induced control group treated with saline, MS groups given omega-3 (260 mg/kg), L-carnitine (200 mg/kg), NS oil (4 ml/kg), ginger (500 mg/kg), fenugreek oil (4 ml/kg), and metformin (100 mg/kg) daily for the last 4 weeks respectively. By the end of the experimental period, animals were weighed, blood pressure and heart rate were measured, and blood samples were collected, then all animals were sacrificed and their livers, hearts, and adipose tissues were isolated. The following parameters were investigated: {u2022} Insulin resistance parameters involving plasma levels of glucose, insulin, adiponectin, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), VLDL, GLUT-4, PPAR-Þ, and body weight gain. Moreover, HOMA-IR index, QUICKI were calculated and taken as estimates for insulin resistance. {u2022} Pathophysiological cardiovascular parameters including plasma levels of CK-MB, LDH, heart rate, and blood pressure. {u2022} Kidney function parameters including plasma level of creatinine, uric acid, BUN, and albumin. {u2022} Inflammatory parameter, as CRP. {u2022} Oxidative stress parameters including level of GSH, MDA, and SOD. {u2022} Hypercoagulability parameter, as fibrinogen. {u2022} Body and organ weights gain

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