The researcher's name on the cover of the master's thesis is Zannatul Nayeema , and the most correct is Gannatul Nayeema

Thesis (M.Sc.) - Cairo University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Cardiology

Background: Tobacco smoking is the most important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Smoking has a direct effect on the heart, causing inflammation of the myocardium, leading to systolic and diastolic dysfunction and arrhythmia.The principal role of the left atrium (LA) is to modulate left ventricular (LV) filling and cardiovascular performance by functioning as a reservoir for pulmonary venous return during ventricular systole, a conduit for pulmonary venous return during early ventricular diastole, and a booster pump that augments ventricular filling during late ventricular diastole. Recent studies suggest that LA structural remodeling and/or functional impairment might play a part in the pathogenesis and development of ventricular disorders, such as heart failure with or without preserved ejection fraction. Speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) makes it possible to measure LA function with relatively high accuracy. More importantly, the STE strain imaging technique allows detection of LA functional impairment at the very early stage, such as in the absence of LA enlargement. Objectives: The aim of our study was to assess the left atrial function in healthy smokers by speckle tracking echocardiography. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted using prospectively collected data (1st November, 2018 to 31st October 2019) from 100 healthy smokers and 50 non-smokers in the department of cardiovascular medicine, Kasr Al Ainy Hospitals. After obtaining informed verbal consent, all volunteers underwent thorough history taking, physical examination and transthoracic echocardiography. None of the enrolled participants had any cardiovascular diseases. Results: The conventional method for assessment of LV systolic and diastolic function between smokers and non-smokers showed statistically significant changes. Smoking in healthy young male smokers can lead to diastolic and systolic dysfunction

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