Utilization of nanotechnology to produce a healthy shortening from soybean oil in Egypt and South Africa / Ibtesam Ibrahim Mohamed Ahmed ; Supervised Amira Shawky Soliman , Manal Abdelrahman Sorour , Mohamed Said Abbas

Thesis (Ph.D.) - Cairo University - Facuty of African Postgradute Studies - Department of Natural Resources

The crystallization properties of a blend mixture of soybean oil (SO) and fully hydrogenated soybean (FH) oil with different ratios 40:60 (F4S6) and 45:55 (F45S55) for the formulation of shortening with zero {u2013}trans and low saturated fatty acid was studied. The biggest challenge for lipids crystallization researchers is to understand more about the mechanisms of lipids crystallization in emulsion and to provide manufactories with an alternative to partially hydrogenated (PH) as recommended by food and drug administration (FDA). The crystalline nanostructure and microstructure of samples investigated by using synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction under different shear rates (0, 25, 200, 800 s⁻¹) and temperature (0,10, 20{u00B0}C). The Thermo physical properties of F4S6, F45S55 and control were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Five DSC parameters, namely onset temperature (To), offset temperature (Tf), melting point temperature (Tm) and melting enthalpy (xHm) were established for the major thermal curve in all fat and oil. Rheological properties of different samples were measured using Brookfield Rheometer DV s Ultra at different shear rates and temperatures. Chemical properties (Peroxide, Acid saponification, acid value and iodine values) of different samples were determined.The results observed that melting point was (27, 30,and 40) for PH as a control sample, F4S6, F45S55 respectively. from XRD the highly expected phases for both samples F4S6 and F45S55 were Ü and Ý. Meanwhile, for PH was Ü and Ý{u00B4}. Basically, High shear rate (200, 800 s⁻¹) was reduced the thickness of crystals molecules, oriented the particles inside crystals and accelerate the phase transition.The results observed that soybean oil at low temperatures exhibited shear thickening behavior, while at high temperatures exhibited shear thinning behavior. Partially hydrogenated soybean exhibited shear thinning at different temperature degrees 1, 10, 20, 30 and 40 {u00B0}C, and shear thickening at temperatures 50, 70 {u00B0}C. Meanwhile, F₄S₆ and F₄₅S₅₅ exhibited shear thickening behavior for all temperatures studied. Activation energy was determined using Arrhenius law. The results observed that the lowest peroxide value was for (FH). However, the lowest saponification number and iodine value was for partially (PH). The sample F4S6 reduced the bad LDL and increased the good HDL

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