Role of activated natural killer cells (CD3⁻, CD56⁺, CD16⁺) in repeated implantation failure in women undergoing IVF/ICSI cycles / Nancy Mostafa Ismael ; Supervised Abdelmaguid Ismail Ramzy , Amal Shohayeb Ahmad , Nora Saed Alnassery

Thesis (Ph.D.) - Cairo University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics

Many refinements have been taken place on assisted techniques for reproduction (ART),culturing embryos as well as ways of their transfer throughout the latest years, yet without much change concerning achieving successful pregnancy and subsequently successful delivery. It was reported that 10 women out of 100 who pass through the IVF experience will find some difficulties, with implantation,repetitively failed,to appear as the prime source of these difficulties(Salehpour et al., 2016). RIF is, generally, realized as "repetitive infelicitous pregnancy achievement, while undergoing IVF/ICSI trials, associated with repetitive transfer of embryos".The debate appears from inability to agree on the number of these failures and/or embryo transferred, whether it is inability to recognize a 5-week aged getational sac after the transferring of three finest quality embryos in a single transfer/the transfer of what exceeds or equals ten embryos on more than one transfer. However, various studies adopted a definition of RIF to at least two IVF failed implantation cycles, while some prefer more sofisticated definition that entails transferring six finest quality embryos,as a minimum, in either fresh or frozen transfers or two donated embryos/cycle for two cycles with a total of four(El-Toukhy et al.,2006; Nazari et al., 2016;Comins-Boo et al.,2016). Degree of embryo finess, endometrial hosting predisposition "receptivity"and immunity influencers are factors that prime lead implantation, among several other factors, which have been highlighted extensively recently(Nazari et al., 2016; Salehpour et al., 2016)

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