Mohamed Amin Mohamed Aly AbuGabal,  <br/><br/>
Novel positioning techniques based on differential timing information, bearing angle and range estimation in cellular networks /  
 ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت ﺟدﯾدة ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﻣواﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻت اﻟﺧﻠوﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﺗﻣدة ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺗوﻗﯾت اﻟﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻲ و زاوﯾﺔ اﻻﺗﺟﺎه و ﺗﻘدﯾر اﻟﻧطﺎق 
by Mohamed Amin Mohamed Aly AbuGabal ; under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Mohamed Hazim Tawfik, Prof. Dr. Mohamed Hazim Tawfik 
 - xii, 55 pages :   illustrations ;   30 cm. +   CD. 
<br/><br/>Thesis (Ph.D)-Cairo University, 2023. 
<br/><br/>Bibliography: pages 51-55. 
<br/><br/> This thesis provides generic range-based positioning algorithms to leverage mobile<br/>operators’ ability in conducting Quality of Service (QoS) management. It facilitates<br/>performance assessment based on geographical grid, as well as enabling location- based<br/>services. Current positioning methods in cellular networks are still primarily focused on<br/>the use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which has several limitations,<br/>like high power drainage and failure in indoor scenarios. This work proposes two novel<br/>approaches for wireless positioning in cellular networks. In the first technique differential<br/>timing information during handover is used in position estimation. The achieved<br/>accuracy is matching the mobile operator’s QoS requirement, however, it is limited to<br/>handover events. The second technique is capable of positioning any Mobile Stations<br/>(MS) in the service area through Bearing Angle (BA) and range estimation. Both<br/>measurement quantities are combined to construct the position estimation problem,<br/>resulting in an exponentially modified Gaussian distribution for the TA error. The BA<br/>estimation utilizes the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) reference antenna<br/>model and does not require an active antenna array. The Received Signal Strength (RSS)<br/>and the TA associated with a single Base Station are the only measurement quantities needed<br/>for estimation. Those measurement quantities are already available in all Long Term<br/>Evolution (LTE) and New Radio (NR) networks. The low complexity in data acquisition<br/>and processing expands the applicability of the proposed algorithm. Our proposed<br/>positioning algorithm is tested using collected measurements from a live network in a dense<br/>urban city to demonstrate its validity and quantify its accuracy.  ﻟﻘﺪ ﺣﻈﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﯿﮫ ﺑﺎھﺘﻤﺎم واﺳﻊ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت. و ﻣﻊ    ذﻟﻚ ﻓﺎن ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﻻ ﺗﺰال ﻣﺤﺼﻮره ﻓﻲ وﻗﺘﻨﺎ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻻﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﮫ، و اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻌﺪه ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ ﻗﺼﻮر ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻨﺰاف اﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻄﺎﻗﮫ اﻻﺟﮭﺰه اﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﮫ و ﻓﺸﻞ طﻠﺐ اﺷﺎره اﻻﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻣﺎﻛﻦ اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﮫ. ﻟﺬا ﯾﻘﺪم ھﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ طﺮﯾﻘﺘﺎن ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺗﺎن ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺗﺎن ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻏﻠﺐ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﺎﻗﻊ ﺑﺪﻗﮫ. ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺘﺎن ﺑﻌﺪ دراﺳﮫ اﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﮫ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﻟﺪي اﻟﻌﻘﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺼﻮﺗﯿﮫ. ﻓﺘﻢ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﮫ اﻻوﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﯿﺎﺳﺎت ﻻﺳﻠﻜﯿﮫ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻄﺘﺎن ارﺳﺎل واﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻓﻘﻂ دون اﻟﺤﺎﺟﮫ ﻟﻤﺤﻄﮫ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﮫ ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻏﻠﺐ طﺮق ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﯿﮫ اﻻﺑﻌﺎد. و ﺗﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎت ﺧﻼل ﻟﺤﻈﮫ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻄﮫ ﻻﺧﺮي. ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﻦ ان اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﮫ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﮫ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻄﮫ ﻻﺳﻠﻜﯿﮫ واﺣﺪ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ زاوﯾﮫ اﻻﺗﺠﺎه و ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق. ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﮫ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎ ﻓﻲ اﺣﺪي اﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﻤﺰدﺣﻤﮫ و اﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻗﺎدرﯾﺘﮭﻢ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﻻﻏﺮاض اداره ﺟﻮده ﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮل اﻻﺳﻠﻜﯿﮫ.<br/>ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ، ﺗﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ دراﺳﮫ ﻟﻌﺪه ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﮫ ﺑﺪراﺳﮫ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﮫ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ. ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ اﯾﻀﺎ دراﺳﮫ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻧﮫ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﮫ ﻣﺜﻞ؛  اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺰاف  اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ  ﻟﺒﻄﺎرﯾﮫ  اﻻﺟﮭﺰه  اﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪه ﻋﻠﻲ اﻻﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﮫ، اﻟﺤﺎﺟﮫ اﻟﻲ اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻖ ﻟﺠﯿﻊ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻻرﺳﺎل و اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪه ﻋﻠﻲ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻲ، اﻟﺤﺎﺟﮫ اﻟﻲ ھﻮاﺋﯿﺎت ﻧﺸﻄﮫ ﺑﺎھﻈﮫ اﻟﺜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺒﻨﯿﮫ ﻋﻠﻲ زاوﯾﮫ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل، اﻟﺤﺎﺟﮫ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻻوﻟﯿﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪه ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺒﺼﻤﮫ اﻟﺮاداوﯾﮫ. ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﺗﻘﻨﺎﺗﺎن ﺟﺪﯾﺪﺗﺎن ﻟﻤﻮاﺟﮭﮫ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺎت اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﮫ ﻣﻦ اﺟﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻻﺟﮭﺰه اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﯿﮫ و ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ.<br/>ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ، ﺗﻢ ﺷﺮح ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ اﻟﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ﻣﻊ اﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﮫ ﻟﺘﺴﮭﯿﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﮫ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ. ﻟﻘﺖ ﺗﻢ اﻋﻤﺎد اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﮫ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ. ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﯿﺎس اﻻول ﺷﺪه اﻻﺷﺎره اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻠﻤﮫ ﻟﺪي اﻻﺟﮭﺰه اﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﮫ، ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺘﻮﻗﯿﺖ اﻟﻤﺴﺒﻖ ﻟﻼﺷﺎرة. <br/>ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ، ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ أول ﺗﻘﻨﯿﮫ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ. ﻟﻘﺪ ﺛﺒﺖ أن ﺣﺪث اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ. دون اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﻮﯾﺔ، أﺛﻨﺎء ﺣﺪث اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﻢ ، ﯾﺘﻢ دﻣﺞ TA ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﻣﻊ TA ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎت ﺧﻠﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿًﺎ. ﯾﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻛﺄﺳﺎس ﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮ، واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮھﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺻﻔﺮى ﻣﻦ ﺿﻮﺿﺎء اﻟﻘﯿﺎس وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺴﮭﯿﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮ. ﺑﮭﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ، ﯾﺘﻢ إﻟﻐﺎء ﺗﺤﯿﺰ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر .NLOS ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﺪره 40 ﻣﺘﺮا ، وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ، ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻻﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﮫ ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﺨﻠﻮﯾﺔ وﻻ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺴﻠﯿ  ًﻤﺎ ، ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ. وﻗﺪ ﺛﺒﺖ أﯾﻀﺎ أﻧﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﮭﻢ أن ﺗﺨﺪم اﻟﺤﺰم اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﺔ اﻻﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﺰم أﻣﺎﻣﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ.<br/>ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ، ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ. ﺗﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﮭﺠﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯿﺔ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة واﺣﺪة. ﺑﺪاﻓﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺼﻮت اﻟﺒﺸﺮي ، ﻓﺈن اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ زاوﯾﮫ اﻻﻗﺘﺮان ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ اﻻﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻘﺮاءة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﯿﺘﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﮫ. ﯾﺘﻢ دﻣﺞ اﻟﺰاوﯾﮫ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ اﻟﻤﺪى ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ اﻻﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ. ﯾﺘﯿﺢ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻮري ﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ وﻗﺖ ﯾﺒﻠﻎ 5 ﺛﻮان ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎم<br/>اﻟﻤﺸﻐﻞ وﺑﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ دﻗﺔ ﯾﺒﻠﻎ 47 ﻣﺘﺮا ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ اﻻﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ. اﻟﻘﯿﺪ اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ ھﻮ أن اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﯾﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺨﺪﻣﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﮭﻮاﺋﻲ ، وإﻻ ﻓﺈن اﻷﺧﻄﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮ ﺗﺰداد. ﻟﻘﺪ أﺛﺒﺘﻨﺎ أن اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻻﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻔﺺ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﮭﻮاﺋﻲ ﻣﺤﺪودة وﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ.<br/> 
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<br/><br/><br/>Text in English and abstract in Arabic & English. 
<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Topical Terms: </label><br/>Electronics and Communications Engineering
<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Index Terms: </label>Time Advance  Bearing Angle  Location Estimation  OTDoA  Cellular Communication 
<br/><br/><label>Dewey Class. No.: </label>621.381