Ashraf Mokhtar Abdelwahab <br/><br/>
Effect of arsenic, copper and antimony impurities from recycling process on the performance of Pb- Ca-Sn grids used in lead-acid batteries /  
 تأثير شوائب الزرنيخ والنحاس والانتيمون من عملية التدوير على أداء شباك رصاص - كالسيوم - قصدير المستخدمة فى بطاريات الرصاص الحمضية 
Ashraf Mokhtar Abdelwahab ; Supervised Ahmed Gad Gad Allah , Hamid Abdellatif Abdelrahman , Said Abdelrahman Salih 
 - Cairo :   Ashraf Mokhtar Abdelwahab ,   2014 
 - 237 P. :   charts , facsimiles ;   25cm 
<br/><br/>Thesis (Ph.D.) - Cairo University - Faculty of Science - Department of Physical Chemistry 
<br/><br/> The corrosion and electrochemical behavior of Pb-0.08%Ca-1.1 Sn alloys containing 0.1%  of each of As or Cu or Sb or all of the three elements in 4.0 M H₂SO₄ were studied by  various electrochemical methods. The study includes also the effect of Cu%, the addition  of 0.4 M H₃PO₄ or 0.4 M H₃BO₃ and the effect of annealing of alloys for 2 hours at 250 C  and then quenching in water at 0, 30 and 100 C. The study encourages higher tolerance  levels of Cu, As and Sb in Pb-Ca-Sn grids, especially when the three impurities present  combined, than the recommended levels in the industry standards. Cu, As, Sb individually  or combined were found to decrease the corrosion resistance. Cu, As and Sb combined  suppressed oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER)  
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<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Index Terms: </label>Lead Recycling  Lead-acid Batteries   Lead-Calcium-Tin alloys