TY  - BOOK
AU  - Marwa Hamdy Sayed Dawoud
AU  - Ahmed Abdelfattah Aboelwafa , 
AU  - Nadia Mohamed Morsi , 
TI  - A Pharmaceutical study on formulation of certain drugs through transdermal drug delivery system / 
PY  - 2014///
CY  - Cairo : 
PB  - Marwa Hamdy Sayed Dawoud , 
KW  - Formulation of certain drugs
KW  - Timolol Maleate
KW  - Transdermal drug delivery system
N1  - Thesis (M.Sc.) - Cairo University - Faculty of Pharmacy - Department of Pharmaceutics; Issued also as CD
N2  - Timolol Maleate, a Ý-adrenergic receptor blocker is used as an antihypertensive agent and prevents  cardiac attacks. It undergoes extensive presystemic metabolism, with per-oral bioavailability of 50%  and per-oral elimination half-life 4h, its main side effect is the probability of bronchospasm. In an  attempt to solve the per-oral problems, Timolol Maleate can be formulated transdermally using  transfersomes technique. The effects of pre-formulation variables were studied and optimized using  full factorial designs by evaluation of individual and combined effects. Three independent process  variables were used each at two levels, which were studied on the particle size of transfersomes, drug  entrapment efficiency and the release rate of the drug through cellophane mebrane. Also the  permeation of the optimized formulae through hairless rat skin was evaluated. The particle size of  transfersomes allowed them to be permeated even if their size were larger than the skin pores, due to their high flexibility; they can squeeze through the skin pores. The formulae had excellent permeation  and a sustained release to an extended time. Transfersomal and protransfersomal vesicles could constitute a promising approach for transdermal delivery of Timolol Maleate, which bypass the first  pass effect, sustain the release of the drug up to 72 hours, thus lowering the dose with the subsequence of lowering the dose related side effects which will increase the patient compliance and reduce the cost
ER  -