Thesis (M.Sc.)-Cairo University, 2023.

Bibliography: pages 66-75.

Hatching egg shell contamination constitutes a hazard to embryo and consequently impairs
hatchability and results in production of poor quality day old chicks. There are many sources of hatching egg
shell contamination with bacteria and fungi that include; the cloaca of hen, and the surrounding environment
including; poultry droppings, nest bedding, other poultry house constituents and air. Laying of hatching eggs
in a dirty nest or on the floor are the most common ways of contamination. Reduction of hatching egg surface
contamination can be obtained when eggs are disinfected as soon as possible after collection using suitable
disinfectants. Aims of this work were firstly, to evaluate the ability of some commonly used disinfectants in
reducing contamination of hatching egg surface and assessment of their effect on hatchability parameters and
secondly, to investigate the effect of using some disinfectants to control the microbial load of nest bedding
material in broiler breeder farms. Two studies were applied; in the first study we examined the ability of two
different disinfectants to reduce nest bedding microbial load. The first disinfectant (Paraformaldehyde
powder) was mixed with the nest bedding material at a rate of 5 g / nest however, the second disinfectant

Mohamed Saleh Korany Mohamed
5 / 7 / 1978

Name
Date of birth
Nationality Egyptian.
Degree Master of Veterinary Science.
Specialization Hygiene of Animal, Poultry and Environment
Evaluation of hatching egg handling in commercial
broiler breeder farms.

Thesis title

Prof. Dr. Sherif Tawfik Mubarak.
Prof. Dr. Gehan Zakaria Mostafa.
Dr. Samah Elsaid Elsayed Laban.



Supervisors










(potassium peroxymonosulfate) was sprayed to the nest bedding material at a rate of 0.5% solution. Reduction
in microbial load was determined at different time intervals following application (24,72 and 120 hours).
Results showed high initial microbial load of nest bedding material (total bacteria count (TBC), total
coliforms count(TCC) and total fungal count(TFC) and marked reduction of the same parameters was
achieved at different time intervals after application. However, TBC and TCC increased again by time after
120 hours due to complete decomposition of Paraformaldehyde and recontamination of nest bedding by
continuous poultry manure deposition. In the second study, two different disinfectants; A (H O 57%, Per-

2 2
acetic acid 1.48% and Acetic acid 6.84%) and B (Glutaraldehyde16% and Benzalkonium chloride5%) were
used to sanitize hatching eggs shell surface. Eggs were collected from the examined broiler breeder flock at
different ages (37, 47 and 57 weeks of age) and disinfectants were applied by spraying method to detect their
effect on the microbial load of egg shell. After sanitization, eggs were sent to hatchery and incubated to detect
the effect of both disinfectants on hatchability parameters. Results revealed that the initial TBCs, TCCs and
TFCs collected from nest and floor eggs at all ages were high especially in samples collected in summer
season at 47 weeks of age. Significant reductions of TBCs, TCCs and TFCs were obtained after application of
both disinfectants and disinfectant B was more effective than disinfectant A. Lower reductions in counts were
obtained in eggs collected at 47 weeks of age than those of 37 and 57 weeks. Moreover, there were no
significant differences between reductions of both disinfectants. Results of hatchability parameters revealed
that total and true hatchability, in both nest and floor eggs were lower than standard and higher hatchability
percentages were found in eggs sanitized with disinfectant A however, lowest values were reported in eggs of
57 weeks with both disinfectants. The break out of both un-hatched nest and floor eggs showed lower EED
than standard at 37 weeks and 47 weeks but higher than standard at 57 weeks. Results revealed higher early
embryonic death by disinfectant B in comparison with disinfectant A.
In conclusion, the study showed that nest bedding carries high microbial load and both disinfectants
under study could reduce this load but require frequent application due to recontamination with poultry
droppings. Disinfectants A& B could significantly reduce egg shell microbial load however B was more
effective than A but A was accompanied by high hatchability. Moreover, flock age seems to affect fertility,
embryonic mortality and hatchability.

يشكل تلوث قشرة بيض التفريخ خطراً على أجنة الدجاج وبالتالي يقلل نسب الفقس ويؤدي إلى إنتاج صيصان عمر يوم ذات جودة منخفضة.
هناك العديد من مصادر تلوث قشرة البيض بالبكتيريا والفطريات منها، فتحة المجمع والبيئة المحيطة بما في ذلك زرق الدواجن ، وفرشة العشوش، وكذلك الهواء. يعد وضع الطيور لبيض التفريخ في عش ملوث أو على الأرض من أكثر طرق التلوث شيوعا ويمكن الحد من تلوث سطح بيض التفريخ عن طريق تطهير البيض في أسرع وقت ممكن بعد جمعه باستخدام المطهرات المناسبة.
تم تطبيق دراستين في مزارع تربية أمهات الدجاج اللاحم؛ في الدراسة الأولى قمنا بفحص قدرة اثنين من المطهرات الشائعة الاستخدام ( بارافورمالدهيد و بيروكسي أحادي كبريتات) علي تقليل الحمل الميكروبي لفرشة العشوش. أظهرت النتائج الأولية حدوث انخفاض ملحوظ في نفس العوامل عند فترات زمنية مختلفة بعد التطهير. في الدراسة الثانية تم استخدام اثنين من المطهرات المختلفة.(المطهر (أ) وهو خليط من بيروكسيد الهيدروجين , حمض الفوق خليك ,وحمض الخليك ) والمطهر (ب) وهو خليط من الجلوترالدهايد , بنزالكونيوم كلوريد) لتطهير سطح قشرة بيض التفريخ. في أعمار مختلفة لمعرفة تأثيرها على الحمل الميكروبي لقشرة البيض بعد التطهير وكذلك تأثير كلا المطهرين على معايير الفقس. أظهرت النتائج انخفاض كبير في العدد الكلى للبكتريا والبكتريا القولونية والفطري بعد رش كلا من المطهرين. كذلك أظهرت نتائج معاملات الفقس انخفاضًا في النفوق الجنيني المبكرعن القياسي كما كشفت النتائج نسب تلوث اقل في بيض العشوش مقارنة بالبيض الارضي.

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Text in English and abstract in Arabic & English.