Thesis (Ph.D.) - Cairo University - Faculty of Agriculture - Department of Agricultural Biochemistry

The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of powdered body wall of Holothuria atra as antioxidant, anti-genotoxic and anti-endocrine disruption agents in fish exosed to some reactive textile dyes (RTDs).The results of approximate analysis showed the presence of moisture, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, ash and fiber with percentage 9.11, 18.77, 54.75, 2.79, 17.42 and 6.27% in powdered H. atra body walls, respectively. The data exhibited the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were 3.14 and 2.63 mg/g d.w respectively. The findings of DPPH test revealed the antioxidant activity of H. atra extract was 26.04%. The data by HPLC revealed high concentrations of phenolic compounds especially chlorogenic acid (415.57 ppm), which remarkably reflected an antioxidant activity of H. atra body wall ethanolic extract. GC/MS results disclosed the presence of 14 carbohydratic compound with total percentage (74.93%) and 12 lipid compound with total percentage (14.28%). The results of physic-chemical analysis showed that TSS, COD and TH have increased in some groups of water samples treated with 100 mg/L of RTDs. TA values slightly increased compared to negative control The powdered body wall of H. atra demonstrated the protective effect against genotoxicity by RTDs in Tilapia especially at 200 mg/ kg compared to negative control. The results illustrated that the addition of powdered H. atra to the diet at different concentrations, particularly at 200 mg/kg has improved antioxidant enzymes activities including (GST, CAT and SOD). The gene expression results showed that the treatments of powdered H. atra at different concentrations (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) have significantly upregulated of some HPG-axis genes including FSHÝ and CYP19A1 in brain cells which exposed to 100 mg/L of RTDs compared to Zinc sulphate (ZS). For LHÝ, the findings revealed that the diet containing H. atra, particularly at 100 and 200 mg/kg recorded the highest mRNA compared to positive control and ZS

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