Thesis (Ph.D.) - Cairo University - Faculty of Archaeology - Department of Egyptology

The subject of the current thesis aims to shed light on the reappearance of the most important kingdoms (Urartu, Phrygia and Lydia), which prospered in Anatolia throughout the first half of the first millennium B.C.Shortly after the fall of Hittite Empire, most of the political systems had abruptly collapsed due to the arrival of invaders from the west; however, a number of urban centers survived and sometimes enjoyed greater prosperity than they had in the earlier existence. It is useful to draw a picture of the geographical features of Anatolian regions and having a review of synonymsthat could be concerned with this study. Also, the study has dealt with a background of its demography, apparently to which most of the cultural elements of kingdoms have been formed. Above of all, this would focus primarily onthe Anatolian political status between the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age.This thesis consists of a preface, four chapters and conclusions, the results of the research, and a list of tables, maps, figures and bibliography.In turn, the political geography of Anatolia was often established by series of the competing groups until the coalescence of Urartu, whose rulers made a great effort into dominating parts of EasternAnatolia,Transcaucasia,and Iran; being united into a new federation against Assyria for more than two centuries. This kingdom has been weakened by the Cimmerian invasions and the Assyrian campaigns of Sargon II, until its violent demise in the late 7th century B.C. to become later just part of the Achaemenid Empire

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