TY - BOOK AU - Abdullah Ibrahim Muhammad Abdullah El-Kholy, AU - Maha Fadel Mohamed AU - Doaa Ahmed Abdel-Fadeel AU - Maha Nasr Ali AU - Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiney TI - Pharmaceutical and photothermal study of some conductive polymer-based nano- systems U1 - 620.5 PY - 2023/// KW - Nanotechnologie KW - qrmak KW - Rose Bengal KW - Eosin Yellow KW - Photothermal KW - Photodynamic KW - Polypyrrole KW - Gold N1 - Thesis (Ph.D)-Cairo University, 2023; Bibliography: pages 74-75.; Issues also as CD N2 - This thesis aimed, basically, to benefit from the photothermal activity of conductive polymers in the designing of multifunctional nano-systems via synthesizing conductive polymers in the nanoscale to overcome the poor pharmaceutical properties of their bulk form.In a pilot study; an attempt was made to prepare polypyrrole (a well-known conducting polymer), with acceptable pharmaceutical properties, using gold tetrachloride salt as an oxidizing agent to catalyze the polymerization of pyrrole (this experiment was conducted before thesis registration to examine the validity of the hypothesized method upon which the whole study was to be built, and was based on a previous published polymerization study made by the author). The experiment resulted in the preparation of highly water- dispersible ultra-nano polypyrrole particles grown on cores of gold nanoparticles, in a simple and easy one-step method. UV-Visible-NIR spectrophotometry showed high absorbance of the synthesized gold- polypyrrole nanoparticles (AuPpy NPs) in the visible and near-infrared range, exceeding by about three folds that of the polypyrrole particles synthesized by the conventional FeCl3 method (Ppy) in the same concentration, which indicates their enhanced photothermal activity. Images captured by the transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed a variation in the sizes of the synthesized AuPpy NPs according to the reaction molar ratio, and a large variation between the sizes of those nanoparticles and the sizes of Ppy prepared in the conventional way (from 50-250 nm for the first versus about 800 nm for the latter). In the same context, dynamic light scattering tests showed similar results, where AuPpy NPs and Ppy particles had sizes similar to those appeared under electron microscopy. Zeta potential results showed that AuPpy colloidal solution, unlike that of Ppy, has high stability (zeta potential values of AuPpy colloidal solution ranged between -21 and +43, while that of Ppy colloidal solution was only about -2, which explains the high stability of the first compared to the latter. Cytotoxicity and photo-cytotoxicity of AuPpy NPs were evaluated on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 (as a model for cancerous cell lines), in dark and under the influence of white light (1 watt power) for different periods (10, 20 and 30 minutes). It was found that both types have no cytotoxic effects under normal conditions. Unlikely, AuPpy NPs showed high cytotoxicity (about 40%) upon exposure to light for half an hour, while this effect was absent in the case of conventional Ppy. After assuring the excellent pharmaceutical properties and the photothermal activity of the synthesized AuPpy NPs, the study was divided into three sequential parts ; ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ؛ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ- ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻠﺔ- ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺻﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ، ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺭﺍﺑﻊ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﻛﺴﺪ ﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺑﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ )ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ، ﻛﻮﻥ ﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺸﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ.( ﺃﺳﻔﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ، ﻣﻨﻤﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ، ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء، ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ، ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ. ﺃﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ، ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ )ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ- ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ-ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ(، ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺋﻲ ﻭﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻀﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ )ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ (III، ﺑﺒﻀﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ؛ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﺷﺤﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺄﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻧﺸﻴﻄﺔ ﺿﻮء-ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻳﺎ. ﻛﺬﻟﻚ، ﺃﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺘﻘﻄﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ-ﺫﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ، ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﺎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻀﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ )ﻣﻦ 250-50 ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﺍ ﻟﻸﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﺤﻮ 800 ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﺍ ﻟﻠﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ.( ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ، ﺃﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺸﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﺠﻠﺖ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ-ﺫﻫﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻀﺮ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻺﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ. ﺃﻳﻀﺎ،ﺃﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ-ﺫﻫﺐ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻀﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ )ﺗﺮﺍﻭﺣﺖ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﺎ ﻟﻸﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ 21- ﻭ43+ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺳﺠﻠﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﺎ ﻟﻠﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ 2- ﻓﻘﻂ، ﻣﺎﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ. ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻀﺮﺓ، ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ، ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺮﺕ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺳﺮﻁﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻁﺎﻧﻴﺔ. ﺃﺧﺘﺒﺮﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ-ﺫﻫﺐ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ 50) ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﺍ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ( ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻈﻴﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻀﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ، ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ )ﻗﺪﺭﺓ 1 ﻭﺍﺕ( ﻟﻤﺪﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ 10) ﻭ20 ﻭ30 ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ.( ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﺑﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ ﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ (%40 ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ، ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﻡ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻀﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ. ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء-ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ-ﺫﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻀﺮﺓ، ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﻄﻴﻦ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺎ )ﺫﻭﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺿﻮء-ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ؛ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﺻﺒﻐﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﻹﻳﻮﺳﻴﻦ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ )ﺣﺠﻢ 50 ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﺍ(، ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺿﻮء-ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ/ﺿﻮء-ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ. ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ )ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮ(، ﻭﻁﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻵﻧﻲ )ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮ.( ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ %9 ﻭﺯﻥ/ﻭﺯﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺣﺎﻻﺗﻪ، ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻵﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ %70 ﻭﺯﻥ/ﻭﺯﻥ. ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ، ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﺎ، ﻓﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻅﻬﺮﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ، ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﻧﻰ 700-1100) ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﺍ(، ﻣﺎﻳﻨﺒﻲء ﺑﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺿﻮء-ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻲ. ﻛﺬﻟﻚ، ﺃﻅﻬﺮﺕ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﻝ-ﺑﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ-ﺫﻫﺐ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﻴﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ-ﺫﻫﺐ، ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻮﺳﻴﻦ-ﺑﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ-ﺫﻫﺐ، ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﻅﻬﺮ ﺗﺸﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ. ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﺎ، ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﻠﺒﺖ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ، ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ )ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ.( ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ، ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺇﻁﻼﻕ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ، ﻓﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﺎ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻁﻼﻕ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ، ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺇﻁﻼﻕ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ. ﺛﻢ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻀﻮء-ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﻠﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ، ﻭﺍﻹﻳﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ، ﻣﻊ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﺮ ﻛﻤﺮﺟﻊ، ﻓﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻧﺸﺎﻁﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻹﻳﻮﺳﻴﻦ-ﺑﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ-ﺫﻫﺐ ﺗﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﻝ-ﺑﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ-ﺫﻫﺐ، ﺛﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ-ﺫﻫﺐ ﺑﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ. ﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍ، ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺳﺮﻁﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ، ﻓﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﻮﺳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻠﻴﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﺎءﻟﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ، ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻅﻤﺖ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻅﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء 1) ﻭﺍﺕ( ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﻝ ﻭﻅﻠﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ- ﻅﺎﻫﺮﻳﺎ- ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻮﺳﻴﻦ، ﻣﺎﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺮﻭﻝ-ﺫﻫﺐ ﻛﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ER -