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Detection of incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury in patients with covid-19, admitted to Cairo University Hospitals / by Wessam Moustafa Hussin ; Supervisors Prof. Dr. Salwa Ibrahim, Prof. Dr. Dalia Roshd Ahmed Abdelrahman, Dr. Shady Ahmed Ramez.

By: Contributor(s): Material type: TextLanguage: English Summary language: English, Arabic Producer: 2025Description: 160 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm. + CDContent type:
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Other title:
  • الكشف عن نسبه حدوث و نتائج الاصابه بالقصور الكلوي الحاد لدى مرضي كوفيد-19 المقبولين بمستشفيات جامعة القاهرة [Added title page title]
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Dissertation note: Thesis (Ph.D)-Cairo University, 2025. Summary: Background The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a newly defined serious infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The epidemic started in Wuhan, China, in December of 2019 and quickly spread to over 200 countries. COVID-19 is characterized by acute respiratory disease, with 80% of patients presenting mild flu-like symptoms; however, 20% of patients may have a severe or critical clinical presentation, which likely causes multiple organ injuries (e.g., kidney, heart, blood, and nervous system). Among them, acute kidney injury (AKI) is a critical complication due to its high incidence and mortality rate. AKI is associated with high mortality rates in this setting, especially when renal replacement therapy is required. To date, there is no specific treatment for COVID-19 induced AKI. Further studies focusing on AKI in COVID-19 patients are urgently warranted in order to predict the risk of AKI, to identify the exact mechanisms of renal injury and to suggest targeted interventions. Patients and Methods This Cross-sectional analytic study comprised 661 Egyptian adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection admitted to Cairo University Hospitals. Incidence and severity of AKI was identified in patients using KDIGO clinical criteria. Outcomes of AKI were recorded including full recovery, partial recovery and the need for renal replacement therapy. The survival/mortality of the patients was also detected. Results The study included 661 patients, mean age was 47+/-14, showing male predominance 55.4%. Co-morbidities were found in 45.2% of the patients and it included Diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart disease and chronic kidney disease. The patients included were 37.8% health care workers, 29.7% were smokers. Regarding severity of COVID-19 infection, our study included 33.7% mild infections, 53.7% moderate infection and 12.6% with severe infection. Regarding radiological findings 77.3% of the patients had positive findings while 22.7 patients had no findings. Regarding the outcomes of the COVID patients, 19.7% required ICU admission and needed assisted ventilator mechanisms with mortality incidence of 4.4%. The incidence of AKI in our study was 25.4%, among those with AKI, 104 participants (61.9%) were in stage 1, 45 participants (26.8%) were in stage 2, and 19 participants (11.3%) were in stage 3. Regarding the clinical manifestations of COVID patients with AKI, 56% of them presented with chest manifestation while the rest of them manifested with combined GIT, neurological, hematological manifestations. AKI patients were treated with symptomatic treatment in 5.4%, steroids only in 40.5% of the cases and combination of steroids with tocilizumab in 54.2% Regarding the outcomes of COVID-19 patients with AKI, 64.3% returned to baseline creatinine levels, 35.7% did not. Renal replacement therapy in the form of intermittent hemodialysis was required for 6.5%. Our study found significant statistical correlations with p value <0.001 between occurrence of AKI and older age, male sex, co- morbidities especially CKD, positive radiological findings, severity of COVID infection, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, elevated ferritin levels, elevated D-dimer levels, leukocytosis, lymphopenia, elevated ALT, AST, Urea levels. Our study showed that full recovery of renal functions and less need for RRT was more in the group of patients who were treated with steroids only. There were also significant statistical correlations with p value <0.001 found between occurrence AKI and the need for ICU admission, assisted ventilation and mortality. RRT and severity of AKI was strongly correlated with mortality of AKI patients (p value <0.001). Conclusion Our study revealed that the incidence of AKI in COVID-19 patients admitted to Cairo University hospitals was 25.4%, with significant correlations identified between AKI and older age, male gender, comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, IHD, CKD), and increased disease severity. The study also highlighted that AKI patients had worse outcomes, including higher rates of ICU admission, assisted ventilation, and mortality. Summary: المقدمة: تم اكتشاف فيروس كورونا 2 المرتبط بالمتلازمة التنفسية الحادة الشديدة لأول مرة في ديسمبر 2019، وهو المسبب لمرض فيروس كورونا. في البداية، كان يُعتقد أن تأثيره على الكلى محدود، لكن الأبحاث المتزايدة أكدت على ارتفاع معدل الإصابة بالأمراض الكلوية وشدتها، لا سيما القصور الكلوي الحاد لدى مرضى فيروس كورونا. وتُظهر الدراسات تفاوتًا كبيرًا في معدلات الإصابة بالقصور الكلوي الحاد، حيث تتراوح النسب بين 0.5% و42%. هذا التفاوت يعود جزئيًا إلى التحديات المنهجية والتحيزات المرتبطة بفترة الجائحة. كما تتفاقم هذه الفروقات بفعل اختلاف أنماط المرض وأساليب العلاج وتغيرات الفيروس عبر الزمن، مما يجعل التقارير المبكرة أقل دقة مقارنة بالدراسات الحديثة ذات الجودة العالية. ولا تزال الاختلافات الجغرافية والزمنية في ارتباط القصور الكلوي الحاد بفيروس كورونا غير مستكشفة بشكل كافٍ، رغم أهميتها الكبيرة. يحدث القصور الكلوي الحاد لدى مرضى فيروس كورونا نتيجة آليات مرتبطة مباشرة بالفيروس، مثل إصابة الخلايا عبر الإنزيم المحول للأنجيوتنسين 2، بالإضافة إلى عوامل غير محددة مثل التغيرات الديناميكية الدموية والأدوية السامة للكلى. يتم تشخيص القصور الكلوي الحاد وفقًا لمعايير مؤسسة تحسين النتائج العالمية لأمراض الكلى بناءً على الدمج بين البيانات الوبائية والسريرية والمخبرية. يؤدي القصور الكلوي الحاد إلى ارتفاع معدل الوفيات، خاصةً عندما تكون هناك حاجة للعلاج التعويضي الكلوي. حاليًا، لا توجد علاجات محددة للقصور الكلوي الحاد الناجم عن فيروس كورونا، كما أن تأثير العلاجات التجريبية لا يزال غير معروف. لذا، يُعد البحث المستقبلي أمرًا حاسمًا للتنبؤ بمخاطر الإصابة بالقصور الكلوي الحاد، وفهم آليات الإصابة الكلوية، وتطوير تدخلات علاجية موجهة لتحسين إدارة هذه الحالة لدى مرضى فيروس كورونا. الهدف من الدراسة: تهدف دراستنا بشكل أساسي إلى تحديد معدل حدوث ونتائج القصور الكلوي الحاد لدى مرضى فيروس كورونا في المجتمع المصري، نظرًا لندرة البيانات المتوفرة حاليًا في مصر.
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Thesis قاعة الرسائل الجامعية - الدور الاول المكتبة المركزبة الجديدة - جامعة القاهرة Cai01.11.31.Ph.D.2025.We.D (Browse shelf(Opens below)) Not for loan 01010110092769000

Thesis (Ph.D)-Cairo University, 2025.

Bibliography: pages 134-160.

Background
The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a newly
defined serious infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The
epidemic started in Wuhan, China, in December of 2019 and quickly
spread to over 200 countries.
COVID-19 is characterized by acute respiratory disease, with 80%
of patients presenting mild flu-like symptoms; however, 20% of patients
may have a severe or critical clinical presentation, which likely causes
multiple organ injuries (e.g., kidney, heart, blood, and nervous system).
Among them, acute kidney injury (AKI) is a critical complication due to
its high incidence and mortality rate.
AKI is associated with high mortality rates in this setting,
especially when renal replacement therapy is required. To date, there is
no specific treatment for COVID-19 induced AKI. Further studies
focusing on AKI in COVID-19 patients are urgently warranted in order to
predict the risk of AKI, to identify the exact mechanisms of renal injury
and to suggest targeted interventions.
Patients and Methods
This Cross-sectional analytic study comprised 661 Egyptian adult
patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection admitted to Cairo
University Hospitals. Incidence and severity of AKI was identified in
patients using KDIGO clinical criteria. Outcomes of AKI were recorded
including full recovery, partial recovery and the need for renal
replacement therapy. The survival/mortality of the patients was also
detected. Results
The study included 661 patients, mean age was 47+/-14, showing
male predominance 55.4%. Co-morbidities were found in 45.2% of the
patients and it included Diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart disease
and chronic kidney disease. The patients included were 37.8% health
care workers, 29.7% were smokers. Regarding severity of COVID-19
infection, our study included 33.7% mild infections, 53.7% moderate
infection and 12.6% with severe infection. Regarding radiological
findings 77.3% of the patients had positive findings while 22.7 patients
had no findings. Regarding the outcomes of the COVID patients, 19.7%
required ICU admission and needed assisted ventilator mechanisms with
mortality incidence of 4.4%. The incidence of AKI in our study was
25.4%, among those with AKI, 104 participants (61.9%) were in stage 1,
45 participants (26.8%) were in stage 2, and 19 participants (11.3%) were
in stage 3. Regarding the clinical manifestations of COVID patients with
AKI, 56% of them presented with chest manifestation while the rest of
them manifested with combined GIT, neurological, hematological
manifestations. AKI patients were treated with symptomatic treatment in
5.4%, steroids only in 40.5% of the cases and combination of steroids
with tocilizumab in 54.2%
Regarding the outcomes of COVID-19 patients with AKI, 64.3%
returned to baseline creatinine levels, 35.7% did not. Renal replacement
therapy in the form of intermittent hemodialysis was required for 6.5%.
Our study found significant statistical correlations with p value
<0.001 between occurrence of AKI and older age, male sex, co-
morbidities especially CKD, positive radiological findings, severity of
COVID infection, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, elevated ferritin
levels, elevated D-dimer levels, leukocytosis, lymphopenia, elevated
ALT, AST, Urea levels.
Our study showed that full recovery of renal functions and less
need for RRT was more in the group of patients who were treated with
steroids only. There were also significant statistical correlations with p
value <0.001 found between occurrence AKI and the need for ICU
admission, assisted ventilation and mortality.
RRT and severity of AKI was strongly correlated with mortality of
AKI patients (p value <0.001).
Conclusion
Our study revealed that the incidence of AKI in COVID-19
patients admitted to Cairo University hospitals was 25.4%, with
significant correlations identified between AKI and older age, male
gender, comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, IHD, CKD), and increased
disease severity. The study also highlighted that AKI patients had worse
outcomes, including higher rates of ICU admission, assisted ventilation,
and mortality.

المقدمة:
تم اكتشاف فيروس كورونا 2 المرتبط بالمتلازمة التنفسية الحادة الشديدة لأول مرة في ديسمبر 2019، وهو المسبب لمرض فيروس كورونا. في البداية، كان يُعتقد أن تأثيره على الكلى محدود، لكن الأبحاث المتزايدة أكدت على ارتفاع معدل الإصابة بالأمراض الكلوية وشدتها، لا سيما القصور الكلوي الحاد لدى مرضى فيروس كورونا. وتُظهر الدراسات تفاوتًا كبيرًا في معدلات الإصابة بالقصور الكلوي الحاد، حيث تتراوح النسب بين 0.5% و42%. هذا التفاوت يعود جزئيًا إلى التحديات المنهجية والتحيزات المرتبطة بفترة الجائحة. كما تتفاقم هذه الفروقات بفعل اختلاف أنماط المرض وأساليب العلاج وتغيرات الفيروس عبر الزمن، مما يجعل التقارير المبكرة أقل دقة مقارنة بالدراسات الحديثة ذات الجودة العالية. ولا تزال الاختلافات الجغرافية والزمنية في ارتباط القصور الكلوي الحاد بفيروس كورونا غير مستكشفة بشكل كافٍ، رغم أهميتها الكبيرة.
يحدث القصور الكلوي الحاد لدى مرضى فيروس كورونا نتيجة آليات مرتبطة مباشرة بالفيروس، مثل إصابة الخلايا عبر الإنزيم المحول للأنجيوتنسين 2، بالإضافة إلى عوامل غير محددة مثل التغيرات الديناميكية الدموية والأدوية السامة للكلى. يتم تشخيص القصور الكلوي الحاد وفقًا لمعايير مؤسسة تحسين النتائج العالمية لأمراض الكلى بناءً على الدمج بين البيانات الوبائية والسريرية والمخبرية. يؤدي القصور الكلوي الحاد إلى ارتفاع معدل الوفيات، خاصةً عندما تكون هناك حاجة للعلاج التعويضي الكلوي. حاليًا، لا توجد علاجات محددة للقصور الكلوي الحاد الناجم عن فيروس كورونا، كما أن تأثير العلاجات التجريبية لا يزال غير معروف. لذا، يُعد البحث المستقبلي أمرًا حاسمًا للتنبؤ بمخاطر الإصابة بالقصور الكلوي الحاد، وفهم آليات الإصابة الكلوية، وتطوير تدخلات علاجية موجهة لتحسين إدارة هذه الحالة لدى مرضى فيروس كورونا.
الهدف من الدراسة:
تهدف دراستنا بشكل أساسي إلى تحديد معدل حدوث ونتائج القصور الكلوي الحاد لدى مرضى فيروس كورونا في المجتمع المصري، نظرًا لندرة البيانات المتوفرة حاليًا في مصر.

Issues also as CD.

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