Thesis (Ph.D.) - Cairo University - Faculty of Medicine - Department of Critical Care Medicine

Liver transplant (LT) has become a feasible treatment option for acute as well as chronic end stage liver disease (ESLD). Fluid responsiveness (FR) is defined as the ability of the heart to increase its stroke volume after fluid administration. Methods depending on preload challenge have the advantage of being valid in wider range of patients including those who are spontaneously breathing. Mini fluid challenge is one of the most robust methods for preload challenge, but it needs real time monitoring of cardiac output (CO), to track instantaneous change of stroke volume (SV) with fluid loading. Recently PvaCO₂ gap have been used to detect FR after passive leg raising test with high sensitivity and specificity

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