Thesis (M.Sc.) - Cairo University - Faculty of Pharmacy - Department of Pharmaceutics

Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms in patient receiving chemotherapy. More than 70% of the patient treated with chemotherapy experienced nausea and vomiting. It is thought that chemotherapeutic agents cause vomiting by activating neurotransmitter receptors located in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and vomiting center. Serotonin (5- hydroxyl tryptamine [5-HT3]) and dopamine receptors are the primary neuro receptors involved in the emetic response, particularly the 5- HT3 receptor. Granisetron hydrochloride is a potent, selective antagonist of 5-HT3 receptors. The antiemetic activity of the drug is brought about through the inhibition of 5-HT3 receptors present both centrally (medullary chemoreceptor zone) and peripherally (GI tract). It is hydrophilic drug which limits its uptake to the brain cells it has poor oral bioavailability (60%) due to its first pass hepatic metabolism. Nasal application circumvents {uFB01}rst pass elimination, degradation and irritation in GIT, and may be employed routinely without any pain, since it is noninvasive therefore, reduced risk of infection as compared to IV administration. Furthermore, studies demonstrated the existence of direct transport from the nasal cavity to the cerebrospinal {uFB02}uid and proceeding to the brain. Other advantages of intranasal route are to reduce risk of the over doses (high bioavailability at low doses) and easy of self-medication so it improves patient compliance. The aim of this work was to develop GH spanlastic loaded in a nasal delivery system for enhancing brain delivery of GH to give a higher bioavailability

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